J Physiol 556(Pt 1):267–282ĭ’Avella A, Portone A, Fernandez L, Lacquaniti F (2006) Control of fast-reaching movements by muscle synergy combinations. Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F (2004) Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion. In general, the results revealed that the noise and NoC affected the outputs of muscle synergy analysis, especially for noise. A limited number of muscles (eight muscles in this study) are enough to depict the variability of synergy structure. This confirms that the muscle synergies are consistent across participants, even during a skilled motor task that requires learning. The results suggest that, in the future muscle synergy analysis, it is not that more muscles are better. Krishnamoorthy V, Goodman S, Zatsiorsky V, Latash ML (2003) Muscle synergies during shifts of the center of pressure by standing persons: identification of muscle modes. Although variability was found (especially for synergy 3), the gymnasts exhibited gross similar neuromuscular strategies when performing backward giant swings. Synergy-based assessments are subject to various sources of variability: natural trial-by-trial variability of performed movements, intrinsic characteristics of subjects that change over time (e.g., recovery, adaptation, exercise, etc.), as well as experimental factors such as different electrode positioning. Torres-Oviedo G, Macpherson JM, Ting LH (2006) Muscle synergy organization is robust across a variety of postural perturbations. Hart CB, Giszter SF (2004) Modular premotor drives and unit bursts as primitives for frog motor behaviors. Tresch MC, Saltiel P, Bizzi E (1999) The construction of movement by the spinal cord. Cereb Cortex 17(4):803–815ĭ’Avella A, Saltiel P, Bizzi E (2003) Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. Klein Breteler MD, Simura KJ, Flanders M (2007) Timing of muscle activation in a hand movement sequence. Tresch MC, Cheung VC, d’Avella A (2006) Matrix factorization algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets.
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